Cent Eur J Nurs Midw 2025, 16(3):2254-2263 | DOI: 10.15452/cejnm.2025.16.0018

COVID-19 vaccination among nurses: the role of personal and professional beliefs according to the Health Belief Model

Vasiliki Georgousopoulou1, Pinelopi Vlotinou2, Aspasia Serdari3, Anna Tsiakiri4, Dimitrios Kassimos5, Ioannis Koutelekos6, Maria Lavdaniti7, Georgios Manomenidis1
1 Department of Nursing, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
2 Department of Occupational Therapy, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
3 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
4 Department of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
5 Department of Pediatric, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
6 Department of Nursing, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
7 Department of Nursing, International Hellenic University of Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece

Aim: To explore the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination uptake among nurses in Greece using the Health Belief Model (HBM).

Design: A cross-sectional study.

Methods: Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, professional responsibilities, and the HBM dimensions. A total of 450 nurses from general hospitals, pediatric hospitals, and nursing homes were considered eligible for the study.

Results: Higher educational attainment (p = 0.03), positions of responsibility (p = 0.03), and belief in vaccine effectiveness (p < 0.001) were positively associated with vaccination. Older nurses (p < 0.001) and those with more years of service (p < 0.001) were more likely to be vaccinated. Nurses who had personal or professional exposure to severe COVID-19 cases were significantly more inclined to be vaccinated (p < 0.001). Regular influenza vaccination also correlated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake (p < 0.001). Barriers such as fear of side effects and distrust in vaccine safety were prevalent among nursing home staff, particularly those with lower educational levels. Conversely, general hospital nurses exhibited higher confidence in vaccine safety and efficacy, likely influenced by access to reliable information and direct exposure to COVID-19 cases.

Conclusion:  Findings underscore the importance of tailored interventions to address vaccine hesitancy, underlining education, trust-building, and the role of workplace policies.

Keywords: COVID-19, Health Belief Model (HBM), nurses, vaccine hesitancy

Received: March 27, 2025; Revised: August 1, 2025; Accepted: August 4, 2025; Published: September 6, 2025  Show citation

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Georgousopoulou V, Vlotinou P, Serdari A, Tsiakiri A, Kassimos D, Koutelekos I, et al.. COVID-19 vaccination among nurses: the role of personal and professional beliefs according to the Health Belief Model. Central European Journal of Nursing and Midwifery. 2025;16(3):2254-2263. doi: 10.15452/cejnm.2025.16.0018.
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