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Aim: To report the development and psychometric testing of the Factors Affecting Patient Aggression Scale (the FAPAS), a new attitude scale constructed to measure nurses’ perception of miscellaneous factors in terms of their potential to increase the risk of patient aggression against nurses. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: The study was conducted according to the STROBE checklist. Data were collected using the FAPAS between November 2014 and May 2015. Registered nurses (n = 1,220) from nine teaching hospitals across Slovakia were included in the study. Construct validity and reliability of the instrument were tested using SPSS 18.0. Results: Resulting from the factor analysis, a six-factor structure was revealed. Six subscales representing specific groups of factors affecting patient aggression against nurses can be conditioned by Gender aspects, Situations of physical and emotional distress of a patient, Nurse-related factors, Factors of nursing shift organization, Patient-related factors, Factors of the nursing workplace environment. The Cronbach’s alpha of the instrument was 0.91, ranging from 0.63 to 0.88 for subscales. Conclusion: Based on psychometric testing in the Slovak sociocultural context, the FAPAS showed acceptable reliability and construct validity and thus is considered a promising instrument for measuring nurses’ perception of miscellaneous factors of patient aggression.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between toxic leadership and nurse followership effectiveness.
Design: A quantitative cross-sectional study.
Methods: This study was carried out in all medical and surgical inpatient care units at Alexandria Main University Hospital. In total, 343 nurses completed the toxic leadership scale and followership styles questionnaires. Frequencies and percentages were used to present demographic characteristics; means and standard deviations were used to present continuous variables. An independent sample t-test, Pearson correlation, and linear regression analysis were conducted to test the nature of the relationship between study variables.
Results: The results indicated a slightly moderate mean percentage score for toxic leadership and a slightly high mean percentage score for nurse followership effectiveness. In addition, there was a significant negative weak correlation between toxic leadership and nurse followership effectiveness.
Conclusion: Training programs should be designed for leaders and followers to develop self-insight / awareness, maintain self-control and accountability, and advance followership skills. Controlling systems should be developed for the immediate identification of ongoing toxic leadership behavior in the organization, and a whistleblower protection system should be established.

Aim: The aim of the study was to check whether there is a link between perinatal stress events, self-efficacy, and burnoutin a group of midwives. According to the Job Demands-Resources model (JD-R model), perinatal stress events may be linked to burnout, and self-efficacy can play a mediating role in this connection. Design: A quantitative longitudinal study. Methods: The research involved 99 midwives working in the Polish public health service. Results: Stepwise regression analysis showed a direct relationship between perinatal stress events and emotional exhaustion (β = 0.12; p = 0.02). The results of mediation analysis suggest that self-efficacy plays the role of mediator in the perinatal stress events – emotional exhaustion relationship (β = -0.12; p < 0.001), and plays the role of suppressive variable in the perinatal stress events – disengagement from work relationship, (β = -0.10; p = 0.008). Seniority acts as a moderator between perinatal stress events and exhaustion in the relationship mediated by self-efficacy (β = 0.07; p = 0.04). Conclusion: The results confirm the assumptions of the JD-R model regarding the link between job demands, job resources, and occupational burnout. Perinatal stress events can be a predictor of exhaustion, especially when combined with low self-efficacy and limited seniority.

Aim: This study aims to provide an understanding of the concept of self-efficacy in its implications in promoting adherence to healthy behaviours among pregnant women. Design: Concept analysis guided by Wilson 1963 framework. Methods: An electronic search of the literature published from 2009–2019 was conducted using the following databases: CINAHL, PubMed, ERIC, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. After an in-depth review of the literature, the data were analysed, and the findings were synthesized. Results: It was found that self-efficacy is a multidimensional, dynamic, and contextual concept that is shaped according to a pregnant woman’s previous experiences, the gained knowledge, presence of family empowerment, professional support, and the woman’s emotional status. Self-efficacy influences a pregnant woman’s cognitive process by taking quality decision-making, setting practical goals, and having a plan to overcome barriers and challenges. Conclusion: Self-efficacy is an essential predictor of adherence to the recommended healthy behaviours; hence, it should be part of any prenatal health promotion interventions.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of group reminiscence therapy (RT) as a nursing intervention on self-esteem and emotional well-being of older adults. Design: A quasi-experimental study. Methods: The study sample was composed of 50 older adults from the Geriatric social club in Zagazig City, randomly assigned into two groups. The reminiscence group received ten one-hour weekly sessions and the control group received only the routine club program. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were made using a self-esteem scale and emotional well-being dimensions (mental health continuum, emotion regulation, and satisfaction with life scale).‎ Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests, an Independent-samples t-test, and a paired t-test were used for data ‎analysis. Results: The study findings showed that the group reminiscence therapy led to statistically significant improvements in reminiscence group self-esteem and all emotional well-being dimensions compared with the control group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Group RT is effective in increasing self-esteem and improving emotional well-being in older adults. The study provides evidence to support the idea that reminiscence therapy is an effective and safe nursing intervention for improving older adults’ psychological well-being.

Aim: Exploring nursing students’ perceptions regarding caring is essential, especially for nursing educators, in order to provide information for planning a curriculum in nursing education. The aim of this literature review was to synthesize the literature regarding nursing students’ perceptions of caring based on the available primary research. Design: A literature review. Methods: Six electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, SCOPUS, Wiley Online Library, and SAGE) were searched. Articles were selected according to PRISMA guidelines. A thematic synthesis framework was applied in this review. Results: Thirteen primary studies were included and synthesized, and seven analytical themes emerged. The analytical themes were: caring as presence, caring as support, caring as professionalism, caring as communication, caring as establishing relationships, and patient well-being as a positive outcome of caring. Conclusion: Caring was perceived variously in this review, and consisted of physical aspects, emotional aspects, and professional aspects, together with obedience to the nursing codes of ethics. Finally, it was felt that being caring to patients should not mean that nurses neglect their own self-care.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique on sleep quality in patients with total hip arthroplasty. Design: A non-randomized quasi-experimental model was used in this study. Methods: Data were collected using a Personal Information Form and the Turkish translation of the Visual Analog Sleep Scale (VAS Scale). The data was analyzed using percentages and t-test. Results: In comparison with the mean VAS Scale scores between the experimental and the control groups, no significant difference was found between the mean VAS Scale scores of the patients before the surgery and on the night of surgery (p > 0.05). However, a statistically significant difference was found between the mean VAS Scale scores in the first and second postoperative days between groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study found that progressive relaxation exercises improve the quality of sleep. The routine use of progressive relaxation exercises is recommended for patient care plans.

Aim: The aim of our study was to examine the impact of partner support and perceived stress on the level of depressive symptoms in the postpartum period. Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Methods: A total of 206 women were included in the study. The mean age of respondents was 30.9 years (SD = 4.8; range: 20–44 years.). The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Postpartum Partner Support Scale, and Perceived Stress Scale were used to measure the main observed variables. The questionnaire was supplemented with socio-demographic, health-related, and obstetric data. Results: The linear regression model showed that significant predictors of postpartum depression were: lack of support person during labor [β = -0.105; 95% CI = (-0.754; -0.030)]; lower education [β = -0.139; 95% CI = (-2.256; -0.407)]; lower partner support [β = -0.154; 95% CI = (-0.115; -0.025)]; and higher perceived stress [β = 0.755; 95% CI = (0.470; 0.615)]. Perceived stress was deemed to be the most significant predictor of increased depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Identifying mothers who perceive low support from their partner, or who experience high levels of stress and depression, and, subsequently, offering effective psychological support is important in helping to maintain the psychological and mental wellbeing of mothers.

Aim: The study aimed to determine childbirth experience and the overall satisfaction of women with childbirth and its related socio-demographic and obstetric factors. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: We used the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) on a sample of 161 primiparous women. Results: Total mean CEQ score was 49.78 (SD = 6.02). The best-rated domain was the Perceived safety domain at 2.66 (± 1.90). The worst-rated domain was the Professional support domain at 1.66 (± 1.30). Regarding childbirth satisfaction, the mode of delivery proved to be a related factor, with the highest level of childbirth satisfaction in women after surgical delivery. Conclusion: Providing quality care and creating a positive experience that can contribute to overall birth satisfaction should be a common target of healthcare professionals in caring for parturient women. In order to create a positive childbirth experience, it is necessary to pay increased attention to the management of labor pain relief, to improving the professional support provided by midwives (i.e., through a more sensitive approach to mothers), to promoting the active participation of the mother during childbirth, and to supporting spontaneous vaginal delivery.

Aim: The aim of the study was to translate the Satisfaction with Simulation Experience (SSE) scale in Croatian language and examine whether the SSE scale was valid and reliable among Croatian nursing students. Design: In May 2020, a cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Applied Health Sciences in Croatia. A 145 bachelor’s degree nursing students participated in the study. Methods: To determine the instrument’s internal consistency reliability, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was used. In addition, Confirmatory factor analysis, Bartlett’s sphericity test, the Kaiser-Olkin statistic and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used. Results: Cronbach’s alpha coefficient demonstrated a high consistency of the Croatian version of SSE scale (α = 0.92). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO = 0.895) and the Bartlett’s sphericity (p < 0.000) demonstrate significant results. The confirmatory factor analysis CFA has yielded a three-factor structure of SSE scale. Conclusion: The Croatian version of Satisfaction with Simulation Experience scale (CRO – SSE) has shown adequate psychometric properties making it a suitable tool for examining the satisfaction of nursing students with the simulation experience in Croatian context.

Aim: To explore associations between expectations regarding birth (including mode of delivery) and experience of the previous birth among multiparous women. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: A specially designed questionnaire was used to explore subjective perceptions of previous births. We also used the standardized questionnaire of birth-related fear (W-DEQ). Descriptive statistics and the ANOVA test, chi-square test, and Student t-test were used. The research group consisted of 111 pregnant women with a mean age of 31 (± 3.58) years. Results: Most women preferred cesarean section as a mode of delivery (63.1%). Women who preferred cesarean section less frequently considered experiencing every stage of the birth to be an advantage of vaginal delivery. They more often perceived pelvic floor damage as a disadvantage of vaginal delivery (p = 0.000), and shorter delivery time as an advantage of cesarean section (p = 0.048). Significant fear of childbirth was confirmed in 25.2% of respondents. We found statistical significance between cesarean section preference and increased fear of childbirth (p = 0.05). Conclusion: Focusing on the impact of childbirth on the psychological state of a woman, should be one of the priorities of midwives to reduce fear of subsequent labor and prevent serious mental health issues.

Aim: The objective of this study was to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Thai version of the Diabetes Self-Management Scale (T-DSMS). Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: This study was performed in two phases: 1) a forward-backwards translation of the existing version of the Diabetes Self-Management Scale (DSMS); and 2) evaluation of its psychometric properties using confirmatory factor analysis. Between February to June 2016, a total of 700 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients were recruited from outpatient diabetes clinics of both community and university hospitals in Khon Kaen and Bangkok province Thailand, using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: The results, based on confirmatory factor analysis using Unweighted Least Squares, confirmed the construct validity of the T-DSMS (CFI = 0.985; RMSEA = 0.258; TLI = 0.981; SRMR = 0.040). The T-DSMS contains 13 items across four domains: Diet, Blood, Exercise, and Foot care. Conclusion: We translated and appropriately validated the DSMS in Thai T2DM patients. The T-DSMS was shown to have good psychometric properties, including content validity and criterion validity. The T-DSMS is an adequate instrument with which to assess diabetes self-management in Thai T2DM patients, and can provide valuable insights into the epidemiology of diabetes self-management, and enable evaluation of prevention programs for diabetes self-management in T2DM patients.

Aim: The study aimed to identify individual health and social care needs and unmet needs in patients with Parkinson’s disease as well as factors related to them. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: The sample comprised 183 Parkinson’s disease patients cared for in four outpatient neurology centers in the Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic. Their functional status was assessed with the Hoehn and Yahr Scale, Barthel Index and Schwab and England Scale; their needs for care were evaluated using the Needs and Provision Complexity Scale. The study was carried out from May to December 2019. Results: The highest proportions of unmet needs were identified in rehabilitation, related to both frequency (87%) and intensity (85%), followed by family support (53%), residential respite care (41%), skilled nursing care (36%) and equipment (35%). Unmet needs were associated with greater dependence with regard to activities of daily living, poorer functional status and longer disease duration. Conclusion: Understanding factors that determine the type of unmet needs of Parkinson’s disease patients is crucial for provision of adequate multidisciplinary care. Based on identification of unmet health and social care and support needs, nurses may provide targeted interventions aimed to fulfill the unmet needs and improve the quality of life of patients.

Aim: The aim of the study was to find out whether there was a correlation between satisfaction with supervision and job satisfaction among healthcare workers, and, in addition, whether there is a correlation between satisfaction with supervision and selected demographic data. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The research sample consisted of staff in healthcare facilities who took care of patients / clients, and underwent supervision (n = 234). The McCloskey / Mueller Satisfaction Scale and Manchester Clinical Supervision Scale questionnaires were used. Results: In the case of job satisfaction, a statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between the effectiveness of the provided supervision and level of job satisfaction. When comparing selected demographic characteristics, a significant difference was demonstrated between satisfaction with supervision of psychiatric staff and hospice care staff. No statistically significant difference between the groups of respondents was demonstrated in satisfaction with supervision according to level of education. Conclusion: Our research demonstrated a correlation between satisfaction with supervision and job satisfaction. Satisfaction with supervision, in turn, depends on the workplace of the respondents. It is important to further educate staff in this area and promote the benefits of supervision in nursing practice.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the utilization of healthcare services for pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Design: An analytical cross-sectional study. Methods: A group of 226 pregnant women completed the study questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on the basic health research questionnaire from the Ministry of Health, Indonesia, and the Navigating Pregnancy during the COVID-19 Pandemic article from UNICEF. Results: Of the 226 pregnant women, 122 (54%) had poor knowledge related to COVID-19 and negative attitudes regarding health protocols for COVID-19 (79.6%). Most (n = 189; 83.6%) experienced anxiety; however, this did not affect their intention to use healthcare services. Utilization of antenatal care services during the pandemic was associated with antenatal care visiting behavior (p = 0.000) and access to healthcare services (p = 0.000). The most significant predictor of utilization of antenatal care services during the pandemic was antenatal care visiting behavior (p = 0.002; OR = 5.904). Conclusion: These findings provide important information on maternal healthcare provision during the pandemic in Indonesia.

Aim: To identify and evaluate self-management education programs. Design: A literature review. Methods: A search of five databases PubMed, ProQuest, Science Direct, Wiley, and the Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL) was conducted. Reviewed studies were as follows: articles published from January 2015 to August 2019, with full text in English, featuring randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and patients with a diagnosis of heart failure, and self-management education interventions with follow-up. Results: Eighteen articles were reviewed in this study, whose participants were predominantly male patients aged 65 years old. Types of self-management education interventions applied included: Education and Telephone Support, Disease Management Clinics, Telemonitoring, Nurse Case Management, Nurse Visits, Multimedia Based Education, and a combination of Telephone Support and Telemonitoring. Interestingly, 83% of studies involved nurses. Conclusion: A variety of choices for self-management education interventions can be applied to improve patient self-care. Patients’ conditions, characteristics and needs, follow-up treatment, and the availability of education media and health professionals were important factors supporting the success of self-management education for patients with heart failure. Collaboration across multiple disciplines and professions has been proven to contribute to the success of the program.

Aim: This study explores nurses’ experiences of caring for (potentially) brain-dead patients. Design: A qualitative interpretative phenomenological design was chosen to describe the phenomenon in all its complexity and dimensions. Methods: In 2016, twelve episodic interviews were conducted with intensive care nurses from six wards. The interviews related to their experiences of caring for (potentially) brain-dead patients and were analyzed according to Benner’s Interpretative Phenomenology. Results: Three key phenomena were generated: 1) The brain is dead; the body is alive; 2) Coping within high performance medicine and 3) Power(-lessness). The participants’ experience was that caring for a (potentially) brain-dead patient and explaining brain death to the patient’s relatives is very demanding. In the intensive care unit, nurses are required to diligently provide exemplary methodical and routine care, most of the time without an outlet to relieve their own work-related burdens. In some situations, the interviewees felt powerless. Conclusion: The data collected have provided a deeper insight into the situation intensive care nurses face when caring for (potentially) brain-dead patients. Nevertheless, the authors recommend further research on all phenomena, and also the design of appropriate training and support for nurses.

Aim: The aim was to validate the Professional Quality of Life Scale. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: The data were collected using the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQoL) from February to April 2019 among nurses in Slovenia and Croatia. Results: The results indicate that the original version of the scale was not suitable for this sample. Thus, the scale was revised to improve the model fit. The final model showed a good fit (TLI = 0.886; CFI = 0.915; RMSEA = 0.107). It is comprised of eleven items, three belonging to the compassion satisfaction subscale, four to the burnout subscale, and four to the secondary traumatic stress subscale. Conclusion: Although the ProQoL was revised to show a good fit to data, it is an adequate questionnaire for assessing the professional quality of life of nurses. Effective interventions can be proposed to improve the nurses’ professional quality of life.

Aim: This methodological study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Eye Care Clinical Competence Questionnaire, which evaluates the clinical competence of nurses regarding eye care in intensive care patients. Design: A methodological study. Methods: The study included 175 nurses working in the ICUs of the hospitals where the study was conducted. Results: Following factor analysis, based on the tetrachoric correlation matrix for the information sub-dimension, eight items were excluded from the questionnaire. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis conducted for the questionnaire, the error variance value of item 26 was removed from the questionnaire. The final questionnaire adapted for the Turkish cultural context consisted of 26 items. Cronbach’s alpha value for the attitude sub-dimension was 0.87; the Cronbach alpha value for the application sub-dimension was 0.85, and the Cronbach alpha value for the questionnaire as a whole was 0.84. Conclusion: It was found that the Turkish version of the Eye Care Clinical Competence Questionnaire was a valid and reliable measurement tool. This measurement tool can be used in studies to evaluate the clinical competence of intensive care nurses regarding eye care.

Aim: To provide an overview of instruments measuring nurse professionalism, and to analyze and critically evaluate the psychometric properties of these instruments. Design: A narrative literature review. Methods: A search was made for studies focusing on instruments measuring nurse professionalism using relevant terms. The literature search was conducted between September and December 2020 in two scientific databases: Scopus, and ProQuest. A total of eleven studies featuring instruments to measure nurse professionalism were included in the analysis. A content analysis approach was adopted. Results: We identified eleven self-report instruments measuring nurse professionalism, seven of which were designed to measure nurse professionalism in general, and four which measured more specific concepts, such as nursing values or nurse-nurse collaboration. The instruments demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties. Conclusion: There is a lack of research focusing on nurse professionalism in a European context, and in Slovakia in particular. With increasing demands on nursing care, it is necessary to examine this phenomenon within nursing practice. We, therefore, recommend that research be conducted using instruments to measure nurse professionalism in Europe and in Slovakia.

Aim: Barcelona Hospital Campus Vall D’Hebron (Hospital A) and Hospital Mollet (Hospital B) provide women with humanized maternity care, but there are differences in dimension and complexity. This study describes the obstetrical results and women’s childbirth satisfaction of these two Spanish hospitals. Design: A correlational descriptive study was conducted with 194 postpartum women. Methods: Satisfaction and birth experience were evaluated using the CEQ-E and the MCSRSS questionnaires. A bivariate and discriminant analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between satisfaction and the recorded variables. Results: There were significant differences between both hospitals in prenatal class attendance (p = 0.006), same midwife during all process (p = 0.000), and mode of delivery (p = 0.009). Significant association was found among overall satisfaction and immediate breastfeeding in the delivery room (p = 0.050), skin-to-skin contact (p = 0.004), beginning of labour (p = 0.031), and delivery mode (p = 0.011). The total questionnaires scores mean of CEQ-E and MCSRSS were Hospital A 66.97 and 130.64; Hospital B 67.98 and 129.98, respectively. Women at both hospitals were satisfied with different aspects. Conclusion: Despite obtaining similar results in both hospitals, there are better obstetrical outcomes in hospital B with less complexity. However, women’s satisfaction scores are slightly different in certain questionnaires subscales between both hospitals.

Aim: The aims of this scoping review were to identify the type of available evidence and map rapidly the key concepts underpinning milk sharing research. Design: Scoping review. Methods: Initially, the Scopus, ScienceDirect and EBSCOhost databases were searched. The keywords used were “milk sharing,” “expressed breastmilk donation,” “peer,” “online” and “internet” and a combination of the Boolean operators “AND” and “OR.” The snowballing technique was used to identify grey literature. The inclusion criteria were citations in English and Malay languages focusing on milk sharing. The review selection was performed by two independent reviewers. Results: The search identified two theses and 23 journal articles from 2010 to December 2019 that varied in terms of subject areas, aims, and methodologies. The majority of studies included were conducted in Western countries. Key findings identified the emerging concept of shared breastmilk, characteristics of donor and recipient mothers, facilitating factors for milk sharing, an individual’s perception versus informed decision and transparency, the perception of “breast is the best” versus a bottle feeding culture, stigma surrounding milk sharing, a lack of involvement of health care providers in decision-making, problems with accessing human milk from the milk bank, and conflicting issues from a religious perspective. Conclusion: Milk sharing is a relatively contemporary infant feeding practice that raises several important issues. However, the existing literature is limited to the exploration of milk sharing practice from a Western perspective. This justifies the need for future research as infant feeding is deeply rooted within religious beliefs and the socio-cultural context.

Aim: The goal of this study was to establish the level of awareness amongst pregnant women in terms of preparation for an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT), compare the results of two waves of data collection, and identify the most frequent preanalytical mistakes made in connection to the oGTT. Design: Comparison of 2 cross-sectional studies. Methods: From 2013–2017 two independent questionnaire studies were performed on a total of 477 pregnant women in the Olomouc and Zlín regions. A total of 225 respondents took part in Study 1 (2013–2014), and a total of 252 in Study 2 (2016–2017). Acquired data was analysed using descriptive statistics focused on the substantive significance of the results, as well as inference statistics. Results: Based on the sum index, the overall level of awareness had increased slightly amongst the women in Study 2 (by 0.41 points out of 5), Cohen’s d = 0.3 suggests the effect was only mediocre. Fifteen erroneous processes were found. However, these had a decreasing trend once the guidelines had been unified. Conclusion: A more reliable performance of the oGTT in certified laboratories was declared by the respondents in Study 2. The level of awareness, and checking on their adherence to the regime before and during the course of measuring the oGTT in pregnant women was still inadequate. It is necessary to improve pregnant women’s awareness of how to perform the oGTT correctly to ensure the least possible distortion of the results.

Aim: The objective of this study was to analyze changes in incidence of sexual experience in 15-year-old Slovak adolescents between 2006–2018, and use of protection against unwanted pregnancy. Design: A series of cross-sectional school questionnaires. Methods: Data were obtained from an international study of Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) on a representative sample of Slovakian schoolchildren through an anonymous standardized questionnaire to assess the health-related behavior of adolescents. For the analysis, we used data from 15-year-old adolescents from 2006 (n = 1,252), 2010 (n = 1,568), 2014 (n = 1,549), and 2018 (n = 1,293) regarding their experience of sexual intercourse and use of contraceptive methods. Results: During the observed period, there were no significant changes in the prevalence of sexually active adolescents, except for an increase in 2014 (11.7% in 2006; 12.1% in 2010; 16.1% in 2014; and 14.3% in 2018). The most frequently used method of contraception was a condom, which was used by 42.4% of sexually active respondents in 2014, and as many as 74.5% of sexually active respondents in 2010. Hormonal contraception was used by 3.3% of sexually active girls in 2006, compared to 23.4% of sexually active girls in 2010. Conclusion: The results showed that the incidence of early sexual intercourse in Slovakian adolescents did not change significantly during the period 2006 to 2018, and the situation remains relatively favorable compared to other European countries. On the other hand, there was insufficient use of contraception in sexually active adolescents.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the experience of retirement for retired nursing professors. Design: The descriptive phenomenological qualitative method, developed by Giorgi, was used to conduct this study, through the lens of Continuity Theory and Carper’s Ways of Knowing Theory. Methods: Data were collected from four eligible participants in the form of written descriptions e-mailed to the researchers and analyzed using Giorgi’s analysis-synthesis process. Results: The results showed that retired nursing professors felt satisfied with what they had achieved over their careers. They experienced a positive and rewarding life post-retirement and had positive perceptions of many aspects of their retirement. Conclusion: The retired nursing professors continued with many pre-retirement activities and maintained productivity. They used their past and new knowledge to shape their daily life experiences in ways that enhanced their own well-being and quality of family and community connections. Their continued involvement in organizations post-retirement included many academic and professional activities such as presenting at conferences, supervising students, reviewing articles, and volunteering in other scholarly activities.

Aim: The aim of the study was to identify the challenges and problems faced by student nurses and paramedic students during the clinical practice stage of their education.
Design: The current study utilized a cross-sectional research design.
Methods: A sample of 259 students was selected through convenience sampling, comprising 127 student nurses and 132 paramedic students. An adapted self-administered questionnaire, the Clinical Learning Environment Supervision and Nurse Teacher (CLES+T) evaluation scale was used to collect data, with the permission of the author. Socio-demographic characteristics were shown in the form of frequency and percentages. Findings concerning the evaluation of clinical learning were calculated in the context of descriptive statistical analysis, such as mean and standard deviation. An independent sample t-test was applied to compare the findings.
Results: The mean age of respondents was 21.39 years, of whom 60 (61.8%) were male and 99 (32.2%) were female. The highest mean score (3.87 ± 0.77) was awarded to Nursing Care Provided on the Ward, while the lowest mean score was achieved for Supervisory Relationships on the Ward (3.71 ± 0.84).
Conclusion: The study showed overall satisfaction with the clinical environment. Male and paramedic students were least satisfied. Considerable improvement is needed in the context of Pedagogical Atmosphere and Supervisory Relationships on the ward.