Cent Eur J Nurs Midw. X:X

Clinical learning environment, role of the teacher, learning in a clinical practicum, and associated educational factors as perceived by healthcare students: a quantitative cross-sectional study

Camilla Strandell-Laine1,2,3, Arja Suikkala2,4, Eliisa Löyttyniemi5, Leena Timonen6, Toni Haapa7,3
1 Novia University of Applied Sciences, Turku, Finland
2 University of Turku, Department of Nursing Science, Turku, Finland
3 Lovisenberg Diaconal University College, Oslo, Norway
4 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
5 Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
6 Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Abdominal Center, Helsinki, Finland
7 Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Nursing Research Center, Helsinki, Finland

Aim: To explore the clinical learning environment (CLES), the role of the teacher (Tc2), and learning in a clinical practicum (LCP), and to explain the associated educational factors from healthcare students’ perspectives.

Design: A quantitative cross-sectional study.

Methods: An online survey comprising CLES, Tc2 and LCP scales, each of which was measured using a 10-point Likert scale, was used to collect data from 1133 healthcare students at the end of their clinical practicum in a university hospital district in Finland. The data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA, Spearman correlation coefficients, and linear models.

Results: Students rated CLES (median 9.23) and LCP (median 9.13) the highest, and Tc2 (median 7.64) the lowest. Moderate positive correlations were found between CLES and Tc2 (rs = 0.438, p < 0.0001), as well as between CLES and LCP (rs = 0.625, p < 0.0001). The strongest positive correlation was found between the premises of learning and LCP. Additionally, significant positive associations were found between several educational factors and CLES, Tc2, and LCP.

Conclusion: The role of the teacher should be further explored to meet the expectations of healthcare students and better support their clinical learning. More objective measurements are needed to focus on the students’ achievement of intended learning outcomes that facilitate their transition from students to professionals.

Klíčová slova: clinical learning, clinical learning environment, healthcare students, supervision, teachers

Vloženo: 8. únor 2025; Revidováno: 20. listopad 2025; Přijato: 15. leden 2026; Zveřejněno online: 22. leden 2026 

Sdílet...
Stáhnout citaci
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Zobrazit celý článek

    Reference

    1. Adam, A. B., Druye, A. A., Kumi-Kyereme, A., Osman, W., & Alhassan, A. (2021). Nursing and midwifery students' satisfaction with their clinical rotation experience: the role of the clinical learning environment. Nursing Research and Practice, 2021, 7258485. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7258485 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    2. Adams, C., Walpola, R., Schembri, A. M., & Harrison, R. (2022). The ultimate question? Evaluating the use of Net Promoter Score in healthcare: a systematic review. Health Expectations, 25(5), 2328-2339. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13577 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    3. Al-Anazi, N. A., Alosaimi, D., Pandaan, I., Anthony, D., & Dyson, S. (2019). Evaluating clinical placements in Saudi Arabia with the CLES+T scale. Nurse Education in Practice, 39, 11-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2019.07.004 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    4. All European Academies. (2017). The European code of conduct for research integrity (Revised ed.). https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/
    5. Anyango, E., Adama, E., Brown, J., & Ngune, I. (2024). The impact of final-year clinical placements on nursing students' career planning for the graduate year and beyond. Nurse Education in Practice, 76, 103944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2024.103944 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    6. Arkan, B., Ordin, Y., & Yilmaz, D. (2018). Undergraduate nursing students' experience related to their clinical learning environment and factors affecting to their clinical learning process. Nurse Education in Practice, 29, 127-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.12.005 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    7. Baxter, P., & Norman, G. (2011). Self-assessment or self deception? A lack of association between nursing students' self-assessment and performance. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(11), 2406-2413. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05658.x Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    8. Bisholt, B., Ohlsson, U., Engström, A. K., Johansson, A. S., & Gustafsson, M. (2014). Nursing students' assessment of the learning environment in different clinical settings. Nurse Education in Practice, 14(3), 304-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2013.11.005 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    9. Brown, N., Darby, W., & Coronel, H. (2019). An escape room as a simulation teaching strategy. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 30, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2019.02.002 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    10. Cant, R. P., & Cooper, S. J. (2017). Use of simulation-based learning in undergraduate nurse education: an umbrella systematic review. Nurse Education Today, 49, 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2016.11.015 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    11. Cant, R., Ryan, C., & Cooper, S. (2021). Nursing students' evaluation of clinical practice placements using the Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher scale - a systematic review. Nurse Education Today, 104, 104983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104983 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    12. Cooper, J., Courtney-Pratt, H., & Fitzgerald, M. (2015). Key influences identified by first year undergraduate nursing students as impacting on the quality of clinical placement: a qualitative study. Nurse Education Today, 35(9), 1004-1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.03.009 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    13. Council of the European Union. (2018). Council Recommendation of 22 May 2018 on key competences for lifelong learning (2018/C 189/01). Official Journal of the European Union, C 189. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=uriserv:OJ.C_.2018.189.01.0001.01.ENG
    14. Dawes, J. G. (2023). The net promoter score: what should managers know? International Journal of Market Research, 66(2-3), 182-198. https://doi.org/10.1177/14707853231195003 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    15. European Parliament and Council. (2005). Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications. Official Journal of the European Union, L255/22. http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2005/36/oj
    16. European Parliament and Council. (2013). Directive 2013/55/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 2013 amending Directive 2005/36/EC on the recognition of professional qualifications. Official Journal of the European Union, L354/132. http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2013/55/oj
    17. European Parliament and Council. (2016). Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). Official Journal of the European Union, L119/1. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    18. Ewertsson, M., Bagga-Gupta, S., & Blomberg, K. (2017). Nursing students' socialisation into practical skills. Nurse Education in Practice, 27, 157-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.09.004 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    19. Falk, K., Falk, H., & Jakobsson Ung, E. (2016). When practice precedes theory - a mixed methods evaluation of students' learning experiences in an undergraduate study program in nursing. Nurse Education in Practice, 16(1), 14-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2015.05.010 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    20. Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity. (2012). Responsible conduct of research and procedures for handling allegations of misconduct in Finland: Guidelines of the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity. https://tenk.fi/en/advice-and-materials/RCR-Guidelines-2012
    21. Flinkman, M. (2014). Young registered nurses' intent to leave the profession in Finland: A mixed-method study [Doctoral dissertation, University of Turku]. https://www.utupub.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/95711/AnnalesD1107Flinkman.pdf
    22. Flott, E. A., & Linden, L. (2016). The clinical learning environment in nursing education: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(3), 501-513. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12861 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    23. Forber, J., DiGiacomo, M., Carter, B., Davidson, P., Phillips, J., & Jackson, D. (2016). In pursuit of an optimal model of undergraduate nurse clinical education: an integrative review. Nurse Education in Practice, 21, 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2016.09.007 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    24. Hara, C. Y. N., Goes, F. S. N, Camargo, R. A. A., Fonseca, L. M. M., & Aredes, N. D. A. (2021). Design and evaluation of a 3D serious game for communication learning in nursing education. Nurse Education Today, 100, 104846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104846 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    25. Hwang, S-Y., Kang, H-Y., Choi, J. Y., & So, H. S. (2012). Effect of a web-enhanced clinical practicum on learning outcome of adult nursing practicum in nursing students. International Journal of Contents, 8(2), 36-42. https://doi.org/10.5392/IJOC.2012.8.2.036 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    26. Inocian, E. P., Hill, M. B., Felicilda-Reynaldo, R. F. D., Kelly, S. H., Paragas, E. D., & Turk, M. T. (2022). Factors in the clinical learning environment that influence caring behaviors of undergraduate nursing students: an integrative review. Nurse Education in Practice, 63, 103391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103391 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    27. Jacobsen, T. I., Sandsleth, M. G., & Gonzalez, M. T. (2022). Student nurses' experiences participating in a peer mentoring program in clinical placement studies: a metasynthesis. Nurse Education in Practice, 61, 103328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103328 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    28. Järvinen, T., Eklöf, N., & Salminen, L. (2018). Factors related to nursing students' readiness to enter working life - a scoping literature review. Nurse Education in Practice, 29, 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2018.01.010 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    29. Jokelainen, M., Jamookeeah, D., Tossavainen, K., & Turunen, H. (2013). Finnish and British mentors' conceptions of facilitating nursing students' placement learning and professional development. Nurse Education in Practice, 13(1), 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2012.07.008 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    30. Kaihlanen, A. M., Gluschkoff, K., Koskinen, S., Salminen, L., Strandell-Laine, C., Fuster Linares, P., Sveinsdóttir, H., Fatkulina, N., Ní Chianáin, L., Stubner, J., Leino-Kilpi, H., & ProCompNurse Consortium. (2021). Final clinical practicum shapes the transition experience and occupational commitment of newly graduated nurses in Europe - a longitudinal study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(12), 4782-4792. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15060 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    31. Kajander-Unkuri, S., Koskinen, S., Brugnolli, A., Cerezuela Torre, M., Elonen, I., Kiele, V., Lehwaldt, D., Löyttyniemi, E., Nemcová, J., de Oliveira C. S., Palese, A., Rua, M., Salminen, L., Šateková, L., Stubner, J., Sveinsdóttir, H., Visiers-Jiménez, L., & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2021). The level of competence of graduating nursing students in 10 European countries - comparison between countries. Nursing Open, 8(3), 1048-1062. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.712 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    32. Kajander-Unkuri, S., Leino-Kilpi, H., Katajisto, J., Meretoja, R., Räisänen, A., Saarikoski, M., Salminen, L., & Suhonen, R. (2016). Congruence between graduating nursing students' self-assessments and mentors' assessments of students' nurse competence. Collegian, 23(3), 303-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2015.06.002 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    33. Killam, L. A., & Heerschap, C. (2013). Challenges to student learning in the clinical setting: a qualitative descriptive study. Nurse Education Today, 33(6), 684-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2012.10.008 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    34. Koivisto, J-M., Haavisto, E., Niemi, H., Haho, P., Nylund, S., & Multisilta, J. (2018). Design principles for simulation games for learning clinical reasoning: a design-based research approach. Nurse Education Today, 60, 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.10.002 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    35. Lee, J. J., Clarke, C. L., & Carson, M. N. (2018). Nursing students' learning dynamics and influencing factors in clinical contexts. Nurse Education in Practice, 29, 103-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.12.003 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    36. Lee, K., Kim, S., & Yang, Y. L. (2019). Preliminary study of outcome-based clinical practicum for undergraduate nursing students. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 16(2), 145-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/jjns.12222 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    37. Levett-Jones, T., Pitt, V., Courtney-Pratt, H., Harbrow, G., & Rossiter, R. (2015). What are the primary concerns of nursing students as they prepare for and contemplate their first clinical placement experience? Nurse Education in Practice, 15(4), 304-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2015.03.012 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    38. Manninen, K. (2016). Experiencing authenticity - the core of student learning in clinical practice. Perspectives on Medical Education, 5(5), 308-311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-016-0294-0 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    39. Medical Research Act, 488/1999 (Fin.). http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/smur/1999/19990488
    40. Mendez, K. J. W., Piasecki, R. J., Hudson, K., Renda, S., Mollenkopf, N., Smith Nettles, B., & Hae-Ra, H. (2020). Virtual and augmented reality: implications for the future of nursing education. Nurse Education Today, 93, 104531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104531 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    41. Meretoja, R., Tarr, T., & Strandell-Laine, C. (2018). The CLES scale as a national quality tool for clinical learning and teaching. In M. Saarikoski & C. Strandell-Laine (Eds.), The CLES-scale: an evaluation tool for healthcare education (pp. 47-53). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63649-8_5 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    42. Norfadzilah, A., & Nurul H. K. A. (2018) Nursing students and clinical instructors' perceptions of clinical learning environments, supervision, and teaching (CLES-T). International Journal of Care Scholars, 1(1), 10-13. https://doi.org/10.31436/ijcs.v1i1.38 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    43. Ossenberg, C., Mitchell, M., Burmeister, E., & Henderson, A. (2023). Measuring changes in nursing students' workplace performance following feedback encounters: a quasi-experimental study. Nurse Education Today, 121, 105683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105683 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    44. Papastavrou, E., Dimitriadou, M., Tsangari, H., & Andreou, C. (2016). Nursing students' satisfaction of the clinical learning environment: a research study. BMC Nursing, 15, 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-016-0164-4 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    45. Phillips, K. F., Mathew, L., Aktan, N., & Catano, B. (2017). Clinical education and student satisfaction: an integrative literature review. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 4(2), 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2017.03.004 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    46. Pitkänen, S., Kääriäinen, M., Oikarainen, A., Tuomikoski, A. M., Elo, S., Ruotsalainen, H., Saarikoski, M., Kärsämänoja, T., & Mikkonen, K. (2018). Healthcare students' evaluation of the clinical learning environment and supervision - a cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today, 62, 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.01.005 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    47. Rodríguez-García, M. C., Gutiérrez-Puertas, L., Granados-Gámez, G., Aguilera-Manrique, G., & Márquez-Hernández, V. V. (2021). The connection of the clinical learning environment and supervision of nursing students with student satisfaction and future intention to work in clinical placement hospitals. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(7-8), 986-994. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15642 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    48. Rush, Kathy, L., Janke, R., Duchscher, J. E., Phillips, R., & Kaur, S. (2019). Best practices of formal new graduate nurse transition programs: an integrative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 94, 139-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.02.010 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    49. Saarikoski, M., Isoaho, H., Warne, T., & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2008). The nurse teacher in clinical practice: developing the new sub-dimension to the clinical learning environment and supervision (CLES) scale. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(8), 1233-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.07.009 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    50. Saarikoski, M., Kaila, P., Lambrinou, E., Pérez Cañaveras, R. M., Tichelaar, E., Tomietto, M., & Warne, T. (2013). Students' experiences of cooperation with nurse teacher during their clinical placements: an empirical study in a Western European context. Nurse Education in Practice, 13(2), 78-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2012.07.013 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    51. Salifu, D. A., Gross, J., Salifu, M. A., & Ninnoni, J. P. (2019). Experiences and perceptions of the theory-practice gap in nursing in a resource-constrained setting: a qualitative description study. Nursing Open, 6(1), 72-83. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.188 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    52. Salminen, L., Tuukkanen, M., Clever, K., Fuster, P., Kelly, M., Kielé, V., Koskinen, S., Sveinsdóttir, H., Löyttyniemi, E., Leino-Kilpi, H., & PROCOMPNurse-Consortium. (2021). The competence of nurse educators and graduating nurse students. Nurse Education Today, 98, 104769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104769 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    53. Saukkoriipi, M., Tuomikoski, A. M., Sivonen, P., Kärsämänoja, T., Laitinen, A., Tähtinen, T., Kääriäinen, M., Kuivila, H. M., Juntunen, J., Tomietto, M., & Mikkonen, K. (2020). Clustering clinical learning environment and mentoring perceptions of nursing and midwifery students: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76(9), 2336-2347. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14452 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    54. Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. (2018). Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763-1768. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    55. Shin, S., Park, J.-H., & Kim, J.-H. (2015). Effectiveness of patient simulation in nursing education: meta-analysis. Nurse Education Today, 35(1), 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.09.009 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    56. Singer, D. L., Sapp, A., & Baker, K. A. (2022). Belongingness in undergraduate/pre-licensure nursing students in the clinical learning environment: a scoping review. Nurse Education in Practice, 64, 103422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103422 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    57. Stanbery, K., Lindley, K., & Huffman, C. (2023). The feasibility of using net promoter score to measure real-time employee engagement. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 53(1), 34-39. https://doi.org/10.1097/nna.0000000000001239 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    58. Strandell-Laine, C., Haapa, T., Timonen, L., & Suikkala, A. (2023). The role of the teacher and learning in clinical practicum scales: a psychometric testing of the Finnish versions. Nursing Open, 10(11), 7201-7208. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1968 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    59. Strandell-Laine, C., Leino-Kilpi, H., Löyttyniemi, E., Salminen, L., Stolt, M., Suomi, R., & Saarikoski, M. (2019). A process evaluation of a mobile cooperation intervention: a mixed methods study. Nurse Education Today, 80, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2019.05.037 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    60. Strandell-Laine, C., Saarikoski, M., Löyttyniemi, E., Meretoja, R., Salminen, L., & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2018). Effectiveness of mobile cooperation intervention on students' clinical learning outcomes: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(6), 1319-1331. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13542 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    61. Strandell-Laine, C., Salminen, L., Blöndal, K., Fuster, P., Hourican, S., Koskinen, S., Leino-Kilpi, H., Löyttyniemi, E., Stubner, J., Truš, M., & Suikkala, A. (2022). The nurse teacher's pedagogical cooperation with students, the clinical learning environment and supervision in clinical practicum: a European cross-sectional study of graduating nursing students. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 509. 1319-1331. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03445-0 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    62. Suikkala, A., Timonen, L., Leino-Kilpi, H., Katajisto, J., & Strandell-Laine, C. (2021). Healthcare student-patient relationship and the quality of the clinical learning environment - a cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 230. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02676-x Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    63. Thunes, S., & Sekse, R. J. T. (2015). Midwifery students first encounter with the maternity ward. Nurse Education in Practice, 15(3), 243-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2015.01.012 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    64. Vae, K. J. U., Engström, M., Mårtensson, G., & Löfmark, A. (2018). Nursing students' and preceptors' experience of assessment during clinical practice: a multilevel repeated-interview study of student-preceptor dyads. Nurse Education in Practice, 30, 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.11.014 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    65. World Health Organization. (2022). World health statistics 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2024, from https://www.who.int/data/gho/publications/world-health-statistics
    66. Zhu, Z., Xing, W., Liang, Y., Hong, L., & Hu, Y. (2022). Nursing students' experiences with service learning: a qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis. Nurse Education Today, 108, 105206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105206 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...
    67. Ziba, F. A., Yakong, V. N., & Ali, Z. (2021). Clinical learning environment of nursing and midwifery students in Ghana. BMC Nursing, 20(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-00533-8 Přejít k původnímu zdroji... Přejít na PubMed...

    Tento článek je publikován v režimu tzv. otevřeného přístupu k vědeckým informacím (Open Access), který je distribuován pod licencí Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), která umožňuje nekomerční distribuci, reprodukci a změny, pokud je původní dílo řádně ocitováno. Není povolena distribuce, reprodukce nebo změna, která není v souladu s podmínkami této licence.


    Návrat zpět