Cent Eur J Nurs Midw 2023, 14(4):980-989 | DOI: 10.15452/cejnm.2023.14.0014

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Caring Ability Inventory and the caring ability of Polish nurses

Michał Machul1, Renata Markiewicz2, Beata Dobrowolska1
1 Department of Holistic Care and Nursing Management, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
2 Department of Neurology, Neurological Nursing and Psychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, Poland

Aim: The aim of the study was threefold: 1) to validate and analyze the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Caring Ability Inventory (CAI-PL); 2) to analyze the impact of the motivation for choosing a career in nursing on the ability to provide care; and 3) to determine whether previous experience in providing care as part of volunteer work affected respondents’ caring ability. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: The study was performed in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. Data were collected using the online form between May and July 2021. Construct validity and reliability of the instrument were tested using SPSS 25.0. Results: A satisfactory level of CAI content validity was observed; the CAI-PL was composed of 36 items and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the entire scale was 0.715, confirming high internal consistency. The mean score obtained by respondents on the Caring Ability Inventory was 189.55. Conclusion: The study showed satisfactory psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Caring Ability Inventory, confirming its potential to measure nurses’ level of caring ability – both in education and research.

Keywords: caregivers, caring abilities, nursing care, Polish nurses, validation

Received: March 12, 2023; Revised: June 30, 2023; Accepted: August 6, 2023; Prepublished online: September 25, 2023; Published: December 6, 2023  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Machul M, Markiewicz R, Dobrowolska B. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Caring Ability Inventory and the caring ability of Polish nurses. Central European Journal of Nursing and Midwifery. 2023;14(4):980-989. doi: 10.15452/cejnm.2023.14.0014.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Akansel, N., Watson, R., Vatansever, N., & Özdemir, A. (2021). Nurses' perceptions of caring activities in nursing. Nursing Open, 8(1), 506-516. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.653 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Albinsson, G., Carlsson-Blomster, M., & Lindqvist, G. (2021). In search of a caring relationship - nursing students' notions of interactions in the nurse-patient relationship. Nurse Education in Practice, 50, 102954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102954 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Arpaci, P., & Özmen, D. (2014). Levels of nursing students and the relationship between altruism and empathic tendencies. Journal of Nursing Education and Research, 11(3), 51-57.
    4. Benner, P. (2000). The roles of embodiment, emotion and lifeworld for rationality and agency in nursing practice. Nursing Philosophy, 1(1), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-769x.2000.00014.x Go to original source...
    5. Birimoğlu, C., & Ayaz, S. (2015). Nursing students' perceptions of caring behaviors. Hacettepe University Nursing Faculty Journal, 2(3), 40-48.
    6. Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: a primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Cai, X., & Jiang, A. (2020). Investigation and analysis on the status quo and infuencing factors of professional identity of nursing students during internship. Contemporary Nurses, 27(09), 99-100. https://doi.org/10.19792/j.cnki.1006-6411.2020.26.041 Go to original source...
    8. Cheng, L., Liu, Y., Ke, Y., & Wang, W. (2017). Comparison of caring ability between Chinese and American nursing students. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 39(2), 290-304. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945916656613 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Cho, S., Lee, J., You, S. J., Song, K. J., & Hong, K. J. (2020). Nurse staffing, nurses' prioritization, missed care, quality of nursing care, and nurse outcomes. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12803 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Çiftçi, B., Noyan, E. N., & Yildiz, G. N. (2022). How important is altruism to nursing students? Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 58(4), 1776-1785. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12987 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Clarke, P. N., Watson, J., & Brewer, B. B. (2009). From theory to practice: caring science according to Watson and Brewer. Nursing Science Quarterly, 22(4), 339-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318409344769 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Connolly, M., & Timmins, F. (2021). Spiritual care for individuals with cancer: the importance of life review as a tool for promoting spiritual well-being. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 37(5), 151209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2021.151209 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Coppetti, L. de C., Girardon-Perlini, N. M. O., Andolhe, R., Silva, L. M. C. da, Dapper, S. N., & Noro, E. (2019). Caring ability, burden, stress and coping of family caregivers of people in cancer treatment. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 72(6), 1541-1546. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0605 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Dahlberg, K. (2003). To understand caring sciences. Studentlitteratur.
    15. Dahlberg, K., Todres, L., & Galvin, K. (2009). Lifeworld-led healthcare is more than patient-led care: an existential view of well-being. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 12(3), 265-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-008-9174-7 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Dimoula, M., Kotronoulas, G., Katsaragakis, S., Christou, M., Sgourou, S., & Patiraki, E. (2019). Undergraduate nursing students' knowledge about palliative care and attitudes towards end-of-life care: A three-cohort, cross-sectional survey. Nurse Education Today, 74, 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.11.025 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Erikkson, K. (2014). The care process. Liber.
    18. Erikkson, K. (2015). The idea of caring. Liber.
    19. Francis, R. (2010). Independent inquiry into care provided by Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust. The Stationery Office.
    20. Francis, R. (2013). Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust public inquiry. The Stationery Office.
    21. Gaber, S. N., Klarare, A., Mattsson, E., & Rosenblad, A. K. (2022). A comparison of perceptions of caring behaviors among women in homelessness, Registered Nurses and nursing students. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, scs.13071. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.13071 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Gözütok Konuk, T., & Tanyer, D. (2019). Investigation of nursing students' perception of caring behaviors. Journal of Caring Sciences, 8(4), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.15171/jcs.2019.027 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Harvey, C. L., Baret, C., Rochefort, C. M., Meyer, A., Ausserhofer, D., Ciutene, R., & Schubert, M. (2018). Discursive practice - lean thinking, nurses' responsibilities and the cost to care. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 32(6), 762-778. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHOM-12-2017-0316 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Henoch, I., Melin-Johansson, C., Bergh, I., Strang, S., Ek, K., Hammarlund, K., Lundh Hagelin, C., Westin, L., Österlind, J., & Browall, M. (2018). Undergraduate nursing students' attitudes and preparedness toward caring for dying persons - A longitudinal study. Nurse Education in Practice, 26, 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.06.007 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Hessels, A. J., Paliwal, M., Weaver, S. H., Siddiqui, D., & Wurmser, T. A. (2019). Impact of patient safety culture on missed nursing care and adverse patient events. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 34(4), 287-294. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000378 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Hu, S., Chen, J., Jiang, R., Hu, H., Hu, Z., Gao, X., & Chen, W. (2022). Caring ability of nursing students pre- and post-internship: A longitudinal study. BMC Nursing, 21(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-00921-2 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Jendrysik, K., & Knapik, A. (2020). Motywy podejmowania studiów na kierunkach medycznych a empatia [Motives for studying medical studies and empathy]. In A. Knapik, P. Beno, & J. Rottermund (Eds.), Zdrowie człowieka w ontogenezie. Aspekty biomedyczne i psychospołeczne. Studia badaczy polskich, słowackich i czeskich. Tom II. Aspekty psychospołeczne [Human health in ontogenesis. Biomedical and psychosocial aspects. Studies of Polish, Slovak and Czech researchers. Volume II. Psychosocial aspects] (pp. 67-73). ¦l±ski Uniwersytet Medyczny.
    28. Kalánková, D., ®iaková, K., & Kurucová, R. (2019). Approaches to understanding the phenomenon of missed/rationed/unfinished care - a literature review. Central European Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 10(1), 1005-1016. https://doi.org/10.15452/CEJNM.2019.10.0007 Go to original source...
    29. Kitson, A. L. (2018). The fundamentals of care framework as a point-of-care nursing theory. Nursing Research, 67(2), 99-107. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000271 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Lee, W.-S. C., Cholowski, K., & Williams, A. K. (2002). Nursing students' and clinical educators' perceptions of characteristics of effective clinical educators in an Australian university school of nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 39(5), 412-420. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02306.x Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Leininger, M. (1986). Care facilitation and resistance factors in the culture of nursing. Topics in Clinical Nursing, 8, 1-12.
    32. Leininger, M. (1991). The theory of culture care diversity and universality. NLN Publ.
    33. Li, Y.-S., Yu, W.-P., Yang, B.-H., & Liu, C.-F. (2016). A comparison of the caring behaviors of nursing students and registered nurses: implications for nursing education. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(21-22), 3317-3325. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13397 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Liu, X., Zheng, J., Liu, K., Baggs, J. G., Liu, J., Wu, Y., & You, L. (2018). Hospital nursing organizational factors, nursing care left undone, and nurse burnout as predictors of patient safety: a structural equation modeling analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 86, 82-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.05.005 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Manley, K., Jackson, C., & McKenzie, C. (2019). Microsystems culture change: a refined theory for developing person-centered, safe and effective workplaces based on strategies that embed a safety culture. International Practice Development Journal, 9(2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.19043/ipdj.92.004 Go to original source...
    36. Mayeroff, M. (1972). Arte de servir ao próximo para servir a si mesmo [Art of serving others to serve yourself]. Editorial Record.
    37. Maze, C. (2006). Registered nurses' willingness to serve populations on the periphery of society. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 38(3), 301-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2006.00118.x Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    38. McCormack, B., & McCance, T. V. (2006). Development of a framework for person-centered nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 56(5), 472-479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04042.x Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. Mlinar, S. (2010). First- and third-year student nurses' perceptions of caring behaviors. Nursing Ethics, 17(4), 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733010364903 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Mohammadi, M., Peyrovi, H., & Mahmoodi, M. (2017). The relationship between professional quality of life and caring ability in critical care nurses. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 36(5), 273-277. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0000000000000263 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Murphy, F., Jones, S., Edwards, M., James, J., & Mayer, A. (2009). The impact of nurse education on the caring behaviors of nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 29(2), 254-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2008.08.016 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Naczelna Izba Pielęgniarek i Położnych [Main chamber of nurses and midwives]. (2019). Coraz więcej uczelni chce kształcić pielęgniarki [More and more universities want to educate nurses]. https://nipip.pl/co-raz-wiecej-uczelni-chce-ksztalcic-pielegniarki/
    43. Naczelna Izba Pielęgniarek i Położnych [Main Chamber of Nurses and MidwivesNIPiP]. (2022). Raport Naczelnej Rady Pielęgniarek i Położnych. Pielęgniarka, położna zawody deficytowe w polskim systemie ochrony zdrowia [Report of the main chamber of nurses and midwives. Nurse, midwife, shortage professions in the Polish health care system]. NIPiP. https://nipip.pl/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/2022-04-30_Raport_NIPiP_KRAJ_Wojewodztwa-w-2.2.pdf
    44. Nkongho, N. (1990). The caring ability inventory. In O. L. Strickland, & C. F. Waltz, Measurement of nursing outcomes (pp. 184-196). Springer.
    45. Pratt, H., Moroney, T., & Middleton, R. (2021). The influence of engaging authentically on nurse-patient relationships: a scoping review. Nursing Inquiry, 28(2), e12388. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12388 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    46. Rachubińska, K., Stanisławska, M., Wieder-Huszla, S., Grabowicz, A., & Grochans, E. (2017). Motives for and satisfaction with the choice of a study field at the faculty of nursing as determinants of empathy levels in students of nursing. Nursing and Public Health, 7(3), 207-212. https://doi.org/10.17219/pzp/64697 Go to original source...
    47. Richardson, P. (2012). Assessment and implementation of spirituality and religiosity in cancer care: effects on patient outcomes. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16(4), E150-E155. https://doi.org/10.1188/12.CJON.E150-E155 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    48. Rosanelli, C. L. S. P., Silva, L. M. G. da, & Gutiérrez, M. G. de R. (2016). Adaptação transcultural do Caring Ability Inventory para a língua portuguesa [Cross-cultural adaptation of the Caring Ability Inventory to the Portuguese language]. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 29(3), 347-354. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0194201600048 Go to original source...
    49. Sen, H. T., Yilmaz, F. T., Unuvar, O. P., & Demirkaya, F. (2012). Emphatic skill levels of primary health care workers. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 3(1), 6-12. https://doi.org/10.5505/phd.2012.09797 Go to original source...
    50. Simmons, P. R., & Cavanaugh, S. H. (2000). Relationships among student and graduate caring ability and professional school climate. Journal of Professional Nursing, 16(2), 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S8755-7223(00)80019-8 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    51. ¦lusarska, B., Dobrowolska, B., & Zarzycka, D. (2008). Teoretyczne podstawy kategorii "opieka" w pielęgniarstwie [Theoretical basis of the category of "care" in nursing]. Problemy Pielęgniarstwa, 16, 284-289.
    52. Streiner, D. L., Norman, G. R., & Calrney, J. (2015). Health measurement scale: a practical guide to their development and use. University Press Publications.
    53. Strickland, O. L., & Diloris, C. (2003). Measurement of nursing outcomes. Springer Publishing Company.
    54. Swanson, K. (1991). Empirical development of a middle range theory of caring. Nursing Research, 40(3), 161-165. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    55. Turkel, M. C., & Ray, M. A. (2000). Relational complexity: a theory of the nurse-patient relationship within an economic context. Nursing Science Quarterly, 13(4), 307-313. https://doi.org/10.1177/08943180022107843 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Turkoski, B. (2002). AHNA Standards of holistic nursing practice: guidelines for caring and healing. Home Healthcare Nurse: The Journal for the Home Care and Hospice Professional, 20(5), 343. Go to original source...
    57. Ullrich, A., Schulz, H., Goldbach, S., Hollburg, W., Rommel, A., Müller, M., Kirsch, D., Kopplin-Förtsch, K., Messerer, J., König, L., Schulz-Kindermann, F., Bokemeyer, C., & Oechsle, K. (2021). Need for additional professional psychosocial and spiritual support in patients with advanced diseases in the course of specialist palliative care - a longitudinal observational study. BMC Palliative Care, 20(1), 182. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-021-00880-6 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    58. von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & for the STROBE Initiative. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(8), 573. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    59. Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, M., Zhou, L., Zhang, J., Tao, H., & Li, X. (2020). Research on the formation of humanistic care ability in nursing students: a structural equation approach. Nurse Education Today, 86, 104315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2019.104315 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    60. Warshawski, S., Itzhaki, M., & Barnoy, S. (2018). The associations between peer caring behaviors and social support to nurse students' caring perceptions. Nurse Education in Practice, 31, 88-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2018.05.009 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    61. Watson, J. (1985). Nursing, The philosophy and science of caring. University Press.
    62. Watson, J. (1996). Watson's theory of transpersonal caring. In P. Hinton Walker & B. Neuman (Eds.), Blueprint for use of nursing models (pp. 141-184). NLN Press.
    63. Willis, E., Harvey, C., Thompson, S., Pearson, M., & Meyer, A. (2018). Work intensification and quality assurance: missed nursing care. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 33(2), E10-E16. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000277 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    64. Xu, J., & Liu, Y. (2008). Investigation and analysis of nursing Staff's caring ability. Journal of Nursing Research, 23(3), 16-18.
    65. Xu, T., Wang, Y., Wang, R., Lamb, K. V., Ren, D., Dai, G., Wang, L., & Yue, P. (2021). Predictors of caring ability and its dimensions among nurses in China: A cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 35(4), 1226-1239. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12941 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    66. Zeleníková, R., Gurková, E., Friganovic, A., Uchmanowicz, I., Jaroąová, D., ®iaková, K., Plevová, I., & Papastavrou, E. (2020). Unfinished nursing care in four central European countries. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(8), 1888-1900. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12896 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    67. Zeleníková, R., Gurková, E., & Jaroąová, D. (2019). Missed nursing care measured by MISSCARE Survey - the first pilot study in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Central European Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 10(1), 958-966. https://doi.org/10.15452/CEJNM.2019.10.0002 Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content